Wednesday, 14 June 2017

Truth tries to hide by love

Sreekesh puthuvassery
Friday 16/06/2017 

" We lose ourselves in the things we love.
  We find ourselves there, too "
                                 - Kristin Martz

Love, the feeling is abundant with quotes, descriptions and comparisons by poets, writers and even by who is in love. But do you think love is eternal?. The answer is no. Love can't be a feeling that have existence neither eternal nor life long. In this article i would like to analyse love from different angles what really love itself.
We know most of the people around us especially new generation have a mentality of negligence to the personal questions. For example, what you got from your act?. Ans: it is not necessary to explain to you.  You know this is not the answer of above question. In olden days people try to analyse such questions if somebody ask. But now answers are above mentioned way. What is the reason for that?. Actually a person spending his energy and time for an act, whatever it may be, not getting any good result and the situation becomes worsen​ than actually he expected. It means he is simply a waste. This is the real reason that mind not accept this bitter truth. That's why the person reacts badly towards those kind of questions. But if he really understand what is the question and its answer he will find out the reason for his failure. That is the only way to the path of corrective action. Unfortunately negligence prepare the person to choose wrong way that certainly take him to unhappiness. So such people becomes the perfect actors in life who playing the role of a pleasant individuals whole of their life time.
Like lot of other emotion, love also an emotion. Emotions are created by hormones. Means, emotions represent the material world which is actually not eternal. Because you know the things which is created will be distroyed one day. It is a universal truth. Emotions are connected to your thoughts. If we compare thoughts are trees with so many branches, emotions are the flowers​ on it. Both are physical in nature even we can't catch or hold it. When we love a person we have sweet emotions towards him on other hand when we hate the same person we have bitter, horrible and ugly emotions towards him. So what we love actually and what is love actually?
Love is a feeling that creates mind a pleasant feeling. Love is that can make you fresh, happy and think. If there is nothing new, you can't love anything so long. It will distroy the freshness and you will not think about it sincerely from the bottom of your heart. Human interested always in something new. That is his basic character. He can't continue in the material life in same level. Desire for something new creates hopes and love to live. If it fails generates dipression. So do you think a person can love other person life long?. Can't be. Especially in male and female relationship.
Love affairs related crimes and suicide are growing day by day. Not only between youngsters but also between the elders and old people. Attraction towards the opposite sex starts in teen age. This is the worst age children​ slips to wrong path. Love someone is never a wrong thing. But what people describe like love is not divine but simply a selfish act. So it should be take care, especially girls their own life and its path. Beacuse it is own responsibility to take care own life and career. Love someone is easy if it is right or wrong decision. But there is nobody to advise how to love a person and what love really it is. Most of the children keep distance and hide things from parents while they start love somebody. Easily get angry. Until then who take care them is going to the second grade in their mind and the only the lover gets ultimate position in their mind. Actually is this love?. If it is love how other family members loves them without expecting anything from them goes to second position?. Initially love makes restless, hungerless, to see and talk with the person all the time whom they love. such situations will remain whole life?. Such feelings making that person is their life and world. Can't live without him. But what happens further?. The lovers thinks they will love each other until the end of their life. But sincerely does it happens?.  Reality that the presence of that person directly or indirectly makes feeling of happiness in other person's mind. That creates sweet emotion towards him. If the lover see the same person in worse situation, his actions making the lover angry and hatred. Then whom he/she actually loved ?. The best answer is you love yourself only none of the other. Now the person not making any pleasant feeling in your mind. Instead, about his thoughts and his presence irritating you. So you hate him. Means, through the action you proved it is only for you and for your happiness you choose that person. Now  the person can't  fulfill the need so no longer you need that person, Isn't?  Yes, that is its​ answer. So such emotions will not work so long anyway. Means love can't provide eternal or life long pleasant feeling for anybody. Because like other emotions like anger, jealous, fear, joy and surprise, love also a short term emotion.
If we regarding relationship of wife and husband also it is applicable to. Anybody loves the partner as same intensity  as they did in earlier days?. Such intensities may be last  for months or one or two years maximum. Balance all just acting. This pretending may be for the sake of the family or children etc. This is because nobody can love anybody life long. You can only love yourself life long. Why so happens? How can we avoid situation?. The actual root of the problem is love means the bitter truth of loving oneself only. If you break the concept you can love others​ life long which is essential for husband and wife relationship. Even though it is not perfect idea that can't provide you 100% pleasant feeling whole life. But atleast a greater extent to. So what is that concept. If you want to love anything, you should dissolve in to it. Means, if the partners sacrifice completely their interests and desires for other and join, support and accept partner interest and desires their will remain the happiness and freshness in the life. This will happen only when both are doing the same only. If one have ruling mentality over the other will not work this idea. That will makes you an actor to play the role or pretend infront of your partner to show that you loves him/her so much.
In this way if we consider the grade of love, Parents love is the greatest​ one. That love is free from any possessiveness and don't expect from you anything. They burnt out their life for children. Sacrificing their own desires for them. Their is no complaint for them if you do or not your duties towards them. Internally all the individuals​ desires their own ultimate freedom. Nobody want to be in any bonds that makes barrier to their ultimate happiness even that bonds as daughter, son, wife, husband, brother or sister whatever it may be. But because of some reasons they continues in the container of such relationships. Only the parents sacrificing uncontitionally all of their desires and finding out their happiness in children happiness. So basically if we thinks the most beautiful love is from the parents. That is the same reason it is telling divine. Even not together with and always see or talk, you don't have any doubt your brother or sister loves you. Reason for the real problem, you  the one define the love or approaching it with a prejudice mentality.
Is love is divine?. Some tells love is God. We understand it is just an emotion create by hormone related thoughts and it is not eternal. So how can be it divine?. We can't reach such conclusion even someone trying to find foolish justification like the list of things god provide for  you. we don't know love is God. However what we know at least dog is love. Something like spelling mistake. Some times people tells i love my family and i will die for the family. But for any reason cracks happen in the family relationships possibly changes this opinion. This is happen in case of lovers and even  husband and wife relationships. Reason for divorces​ and remarriages. So any of the above relation can maintain warmth of life long love. Because reality you love yourself not others.
Why static pleasure situation not possible? Does it possible in any way?.  Actually in material life you can't maintain your continuous state of love and pleasure. Because your happiness depends other living or non living things. You may notice most of the people don't have time to spend with their friends, families and relatives. But hey have enough time to spend with their smart phones. Why?. Because it gives new ideas, thoughts and happiness each time you use. So people think their bondage circle can't provide such level of happiness to their mind. So intentionally or unintentionally they like to get detach from such circles.  But these pleasures will be remain same level until it can provide freshness to your mind in the limit of your bandwidth. When repeatation start you will be get bore from those gadgets.
So in conclusion, love is an emotion makes pleasure to your mind. If it is dependable can't be provided stable happiness. Their dies the love. So if your happiness independent of people and things only will remains life long. That is possible when you detached from all physical relationships with living and non living things, when you have no desire to anything. When you start to dissolve in you the real static feel of pleasure starts. That is what the gauthama Buddha and so many other yogis did.
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Tuesday, 16 May 2017

The Caste System of Hindu Society

The Caste System of Hindu Society

By Pankaj Jain, Ph.D.

Varna vyavastha (literally, the class system) remains one of the most interesting and debatable topics in the study of Vedic culture. Since the Vedas remain an unraveled mystery even today due to the archaic Sanskrit in which they were composed, much of the ancient social history is derived from the extrapolation from the later history of Indian society. While most of the modern scholarship on this issue applies Marxist and Weberian themes to interpret this, I endeavor to take a fresh approach to demonstrate some of the lesser-known aspects of this system.

The Original System

The varna system illustrates the spirit of comprehensive synthesis, characteristic of the ancient Indian mind with its faith in the collaboration of races and the cooperation of cultures. Paradoxical as it may seem, the system of varna was the outcome of tolerance and trust. Though it may now have degenerated into an instrument of oppression and intolerance and tends to perpetuate inequality and develop the spirit of exclusiveness, these unfortunate effects were not the central motives of the varna system. The system of varna insisted that the law of social life should not be cold and cruel competition, but harmony and co-operation. Society should not be a field of rivalry among individuals. The varnas were not allowed to compete with one another. Varna divisions were based on individual temperament, and which were not immutable. Originally varnas were assigned to people based on their aptitude and qualities, but in later periods they were assigned based on birth. However, there are a number of exceptions in the entire period that shows the flexibility of the system.

There were four varnas: brahmin, ksatriya, vaisya and sudra. The basic idea was division of labor in the society. Brahmin was defined as brahman nayati iti brahmin. People who preached spiritual teachings to the society and lived spiritual lives were called brahmins. Ksatriya was defined as kseeyate traayate iti ksatriya. These were the people who protected the society against external attacks and maintained internal order. Vaisya was defined as visati iti vaisya. Businessmen, traders and farmers came under this category. Sudras were the people engaged in services. Carpenters, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, cobblers, porters etc., fell under this category. This system ensured that the religious, political, financial and physical powers were all separated into four different social classes. Due to this fair separation of political and intellectual powers, ancient Indian society could not turn itself into a theocratic or autocratic society.

In the beginning, there was only one varna in the ancient Indian society. “We were all brahmins or all sudras,” says Brhadaranyaka Upanisad (1.4, 11-5, 1.31) and also Mahabharata (12.188). A smrti text says that one is born a sudra, and through purification he becomes a brahmin. According to Bhagavada Gita, varna is conferred on the basis of the intrinsic nature of an individual, which is a combination of three gunas (qualities): sattva, rajas, and tamas. In the Mahabharata SantiParva, Yudhisthira defines a brahmin as one who is truthful, forgiving, and kind. He clearly points out that a brahmin is not a brahmin just because he is born in a brahmin family, nor is a sudra a sudra because his parents are sudras. The same concept is mentioned in Manu Smrti. Another scripture Apastamba Dharmasutra states that by birth every human being is a sudra. It is by education and upbringing that one becomes ‘twice born’, that is, a dvija.
Manu sums up the relative status and functions of the varnas in the following verse of Manu Smrti: “The brahmin acquires his status by his knowledge, the ksatriya by his martial vigor, the vaisya by wealth; and the sudra by birth alone.” In the Bhagavada Gita, 4.13, Krsna says: “The fourfold varna has been created by Me according to the differentiation of guna (qualities).”
In Bhagavada Gita 18.41, Krsna states: “The devotees of the Lord are not sudras; sudras are they who have no faith in the Lord whichever be their varna.” Mahabharata says that a wise man should not slight even an outcaste if he is devoted to the Lord; he who looks down on him will fall into hell. SantiParva, Mahabharata also says that there is no superior varna. The universe is the work of the Immense Being. The beings created by him were only divided into varnas according to their aptitude.

Bhagavada Gita also says, “Of brahmins, ksatriyas and vaisyas, as also the sudras, O Arjuna, and the duties are distributed according to the qualities born of their own nature.” According to the Hitopades, all mankind is one family. Manu Smrti (11.157) says, “Just as a wooden toy elephant cannot be a real elephant, and a stuffed deer cannot be a real deer, so, without studying scriptures and the Vedas and the development of intellect, a brahmin by birth cannot be considered a brahmin.”

In my opinion, all the above quotations and references point out that the varnas were designated to a person based on one’s aptitude, quality, mental state and characteristic. Although birth or parentage may have played an important role in the later times, the original system seems to be based on the quality of a person rather than on birth alone. Even when the varna was ascribed based on birth, there are a number of examples from the mythology and history of ancient India to demonstrate the flexibility and mobility among the varnas.

Vyäsa, a brahmin sage and the most revered author of many Vedic scriptures including the Vedas, Mahabharata, Bhagavada Gita and Bhagavata Purana, was the son of Satyavati, a sudra woman. Vyäsa’s profound knowledge of the Vedic wisdom established him as a brahmin even though he was born of a sudra mother. Vyäsa’s father, Päräsara, was also a son of a candala woman and yet was considered a brahmin based on his Vedic wisdom. Another popular Vedic sage, Välmiki was initially a hunter. He came to be known as a brahmin sage on the basis of his profound knowledge of the scriptures and his authorship of the Rämäyana. According to Rig Veda (IX.112.3), the poet refers to his diverse parentage: “I am a reciter of hymns, my father is a physician and my mother grinds corn with stones. We desire to obtain wealth in various actions.” Sage Aitareya, author of Aitareya Upanisad, was born of a sudra woman. Vasishtha, son of a prostitute, was established as a brahmin and Rig Veda book VII is attributed to him. In Chandogya Upanisad, the honesty of Satyakäma establishes his brahminhood, even though his ancestry is unknown as he is the son of a maidservant. Visvamitra, born in a ksatriya family becomes a sage, and hence a brahmin, based on his asceticism. Some Rig Veda hymns are attributed to him. The priest Vidathin Bhärdväja became a ksatriya as soon as he was adopted by King Bharata and his descendents were the well-known Bharata ksatriyas. Janaka, a ksatriya by birth, attained the rank of a brahmin by virtue of his ripe wisdom and saintly character and is considered a rajarishi (king-sage). Vidura, a brahmin visionary, who gave religious and moral instructions to King Dhrtarashtra, was born to a woman servant of the palace. His varna as a brahmin was determined on the basis of his wisdom and knowledge of scriptures. The Kauravas and Pandavas were the descendants of Satyavati, a fisher-woman, and Vyäsa, a brahmin. In spite of this mixed heredity, the Kauravas and Pandavas were known as ksatriyas on the basis of their occupation. Ajamidha and Puramidha were admitted to the status of the brahmin class, and even composed Vedic hymns. Yaska, in his Nirukta, tells us that of two brothers, Santanu and Devapi, one becomes a ksatriya king and the other a brahmin priest. Kavasa, the son of the slave girl Ilusa, becomes a brahmin priest. The Bhagavata Purana tells of the elevation of the ksatriya clan named Dhastru to brahminhood. In the later Vedic times, Chandragupta Maurya, originally from the Muria tribe, goes on to become the famous Mauryan emperor of Magadha. Similarly, his descendant, King Asoka, was the son of a maidservant. The Sanskrit poet and author, Kalidasa is also not known to be a brahmin by birth. His works are considered among the most important Sanskrit works. In the medieval period, saint Thiruvalluvar, author of ‘Thirukural’ was a weaver. Other saints such as Kabir, Sura Dasa, Ram Dasa and Tukaram came from the sudra class also. Many of the great visionaries in modern India were not brahmins by birth but can be regarded as brahmins by their life-styles and teachings: Mahätmä Gändhi, Swämi Vivekänada, Sri Aurobindo, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Swämi Chinmayänanda etc.
Misconceptions about the Varna System

Heterodox ideologies such as Jainism and Buddhism have criticized the notions of varna-based svadharma (one’s own duty), which inspired Arjuna to indulge in the Mahabharata war. Since Arjuna was a ksatriya, he was motivated to follow his duty of a warrior by Krsna.

Unfortunately, the original system is often either overlooked or misinterpreted. Let us examine some of the main concerns expressed about the varna system.

· Inequality: Does the varna system treat human beings unequally, with the brahmins at the top of the hierarchy and the sudras at the bottom? This is a common observation about the system which is based on the modern caste system rather than the ancient varna system. It is rarely observed that the social hierarchy is not just limited to Hinduism but it stays intact in any Indian religious society; Buddhists, Jainas, Sikhs, Christians and Muslims have their own caste hierarchies and restrictions. Even western societies have their own classes and groups. Thus, it is indeed a social phenomenon, which is not just limited to Hinduism or India. J. Muir has provided numerous passages from ancient Indian texts to demonstrate the equality of varnas.

Rig Veda II. 33. 13 speaks of “our father Manu” (pita nah). Note that all of mankind is described as having a single ancestor.

Taittareya Brahmana II.3.8.1. It describes the process of creation of human beings by Prajapati as follows: “... he reflected, after that he created men. That constitutes the manhood of men. He, who knows the manhood of men, becomes intelligent. Mind does not forsake him.”

Satapatha Brahmana VII.5.2.6. This passage describes the process of creation of human beings by Prajapati as follows: “He formed animals from his breath, a man from his soul, a horse from his eye, a bull from his breath, a sheep from his ear, a goat from his voice.” It is worth noting that here too the various objects of creation are being correlated to various parts of the body of Prajapati, as in the Purusa Sukta.

Brhadaranyaka Upanisad I. 4. 11-15. These passages describe the successive creation of the four varnas, in contrast to their simultaneous creation in the Purusa Sukta. Just as in the case of Manu where all of humanity is traced to a single parent, here all of humanity is traced to a single homogeneous class, to begin with.

Visnu Purana VIII. 138-140. According to this account when the Eden-like existence ceased: “At this juncture the perfect mind-born sons of Brahma, of different dispositions, who had formerly existed in the Satya age, were reproduced in the Treta as brahmins, ksatriyas, vaisyas, sudras, and destructive men.” This means that the varna system characterises human life after the ‘fall’, as it were. It is a post-Lapsarian phenomenon. The development of ‘castes’ here represents a falling away from an earlier ideal condition, in which there were no varnas.

In Bhagavada Gita, it is clearly mentioned that sudra and women can achieve the liberation and it is not just limited to any one high caste.

Upanisads and other Vedic scriptures have mentioned at many places that the same Brahman exists in all the living beings and hence all are equal.

Mahabharata (III.216.14-15) mentions that a sudra can become brahmin by engaging in self-control, truth and righteousness.

H. T. Colebrooke, one of the early Sanskrit scholars wrote, “ Daily observation shows even the brahmin exercising the menial profession of a sudra. It may be received as a general maxim, that the occupation, appointed for each tribe, is entitled merely to a preference. Every profession, with few exceptions, is open to every description of persons; and the discouragement, arising from religious prejudices, is not greater than what exists in Great Britain from the effects of Municipal and Corporation laws.”

· Svabhäva by birth: In the varna system, one’s svadharma is based on one’s svabhäva. But how can svabhäva be fixed by birth? Is it a changeable substance? This debate is not fully resolved even by today’s geneologists. According to the recent research, genes are much more responsible in fixing one’s nature than they are given credit for. As more researches unfold, this mystery will unravel whether one’s svabhäva is fixed based on one’s birth or it can be changed by one’s training.

· Coercion: Did the varna system deny the basic right to choose one’s profession? Was one forced to perform one’s svadharma even against one’s call of conscience, e.g., Krsna motivates Arjuna to fight because he was born as a ksatriya? In the same war, there were many warriors who did not qualify fully as ksatriya by birth and still were fighting, e.g., Drona, Krpa, Asvatthämä, Karna, Bheeshma etc. Krsna did not ask Arjuna to fight just because he was born as a ksatriya but convinced him based on many other arguments. Whatever coercion may exist in the society could be argued as a social discipline. In the practical world, there would be complete chaos and disaster if the individuals stopped performing their duties. A well-balanced society definitely needs warriors, merchants, teachers and laborers. Hence, instead of one’s unrestrained rights, one’s duties are given more importance.

Conclusion

Varna system is one of the most debatable phenomena of India and is tarred with many controversies. However, on a deeper analysis one finds that the basic need for this system was simply to ensure a healthy and flexible society unlike the one which has been rigidified due to the colonial misinterpretation and mistreatment of varnas, resulting in the castes as we find them in the present day India . The original varna system was quite flexible in which one’s varna could be changed based on one’s skill and was not fixed as is often understood.

References
1. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, The Hindu View of Life,(HarperCollins, 1998)
2. Padmanabh S Jaini, “Values in comparative perspective: Svadharma versus Ahimsä”, Collected Papers on Buddhist Studies, (Motilal Banarasidas, 2001)
3. J Muir, Original Sanskrit Texts, (Delhi, Oriental Publishers, 1972)
4. Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature, (Viking, 2002)
5. Nicholas B Dirks, Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India, (Princeton University Press, 2001)
6. Arvind Sharma, Classical Hindu Thought, (Oxford University Press, 2000)

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Thursday, 23 March 2017

Astronomy and Astrology

The Earth rotates around its pole. One rotation takes one day. The Earth also orbits around the Sun. One complete orbit takes one year. The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted at 23.5º to the plane of its orbit around the Sun. This tilting causes the change of seasons as the northern and southern hemispheres of the Earth move slightly closer and farther away from the Sun. The seasons are characterized by increasing and decreasing length of day time and night time. There are two days a year where the day time and night time are of equal length, the spring equinox and the fall equinox. (See Figure 1 below)


If one drew a line from the center of the Earth through the center of the Sun, that line would "draw" a large plane in the heavens as the Earth orbits the Sun. This large plane is called the ecliptic plane (or orbital plane). If we extend the plane out into space it would intersect the constellations in our zodiac, (See Figure 3). These constellations have familiar names like Aries, Taurus, Gemini, etc. From the perspective of the Earth, it looks like the Sun orbits the Earth every day, and it looks like the Sun "travels through" the sequence of zodiacal constellations as the year progresses. Of course that is an illusion; the rotation of the Earth makes the Sun appear to rise and set; the orbit of the Earth around the Sun makes it look like the Sun is "in" one zodiacal constellation after another.
Constellations are groups of stars that are relatively close to each other. These stars are close in the side-by-side view, and also close in their relative distance from our solar system. Astronomically they have been shown to be moving together. Astrologically, constellations are thought of as a group of stars constituting a grand Being, who radiates a unique pattern of energies. There are countless constellations filling our sky. The more obvious and visible constellations have been mapped and named. At any time, therefore, there is a constellation behind the Sun as viewed from Earth. The Sun radiates heat, light and life itself to Earth. Astrologically it is thought that our sun acts as a "lens", magnifying the qualities of the constellation behind it and causing these qualities to affect life on Earth.
The axis of rotation of the Earth, the poles, are perpendicular to the equator. The extension of the plane of the Earth's equator out into space is called the equatorial plane. As stated earlier, the axis of rotation, the poles are tilted at 23.5º to the orbital plane, the ecliptic. Thus the equatorial plane is also tilted to the ecliptic at 23.5º. The spring equinox and fall equinox occur at the intersection of the ecliptic plane and the equatorial plane. (See Fig. 1 above)
 

The Precession of the Equinox
In addition to rotation, orbit and inclination, the Earth also has a wobble. The wobble is much like what happens to a spinning top or gyroscope whose axis of rotation slowly rotates around in a circle. The plane of the equator of the top would also wobble. This wobbling plane would look much like a coin or plate towards the end of a cycle of spinning. (Figure 2) At first the coin spins on one point of its outer rim. Towards the end of its cycle it falls on its outer rim with the outer rim rising and falling around the rotation.
The axis of rotation of the Earth wobbles around a line drawn perpendicular to the ecliptic plane. The axis of rotation is always 23.5º from this perpendicular line. Of course both the rotational axis and the equatorial plane wobble. It is the wobbling of the equatorial plane that causes the line of the intersection of the equatorial and ecliptic planes to move. As mentioned earlier, the intersection of these two planes determine where on the zodiac our spring and fall equinoxes occur. This line of intersection is said to "precess", or move around the zodiac because of the wobble.
The wobble is quite slow. It takes 25,800 years to complete one circle, i.e., for our rotational axis to "draw" a complete circle in the heavens; or for our spring equinox to precess from one point all the way around the zodiac back to the same point. This slow wobble does not affect our orbit of the Sun or our rotation. It also does not affect where in our calendar year the spring equinox and fall equinox occur.
It does effect, very gradually, where on the zodiac our equinox falls. As you can see in Figure 3, our spring equinox fell in Taurus 6000 years ago. It takes about 2150 years for the equinox to travel 30º or 1/12th of the ecliptic. This precession means that the spring equinox was just entering Pisces 2000 years ago and is almost entering Aquarius now. What that means is that the zodiac appears to "rotate through" our seasons and therefore through our calendar. Of course the zodiac is not moving, it is only the point in the year that we experience the various constellations that changes.
 

Astrology and Astronomy
Around 2500 years ago there was no distinction between astrology and astronomy. Men were trying to make some sense of both the positions and the meanings of the stars. When the spring equinox was on the western (beginning) edge of Aries (about 150 BC) the greatest astronomer of the time, Hipparchus discovered the precession of the equinox. He also declared that the western edge of Aries was the "First Point in Aries" which has come to mean the start of the astronomical and astrological (but not calendar) year.
This has had a lasting effect on astrologers. Apparently being more concerned with the meaning rather than the position of the zodiac, astrologers still make their calculations based on the positions of the stars when the spring equinox was at the beginning point of Aries, as it was over 2000 years ago. For example, the astrological ephemeris notes that last year on March 21 at the exact moment of the spring equinox, the Sun "begins its first day of travel into" the sign of Aries. Astronomically, the Sun was "in" Pisces at the time and would not enter Aries until the 19th of April. The equinox has precessed 29º since it last fell exactly on the first point of Aries. It will return to that spot in about 23,700 years. (See Figure 4)
Figure 4
 

Twelve Equal Pie Shaped Pieces
One only has to look at the sky to be able to see that some constellations are much larger than others. Astronomers have found stars which could not be seen with the naked eye, forming parts of constellations. Thinking of the heavens as a great sphere, these "areas" of the constellations can be drawn fairly accurately. They come in all sizes and shapes.
There are a number of days of our yearly orbit when the Sun is between the Earth and any one of the zodiacal constellations. Since each constellation is of different size and since the ecliptic passes through larger or smaller portions of each constellation, the Sun is between the Earth and each zodiacal constellation for varying periods. For example, more days (44 days) are spent with the Sun between the Earth and the largest constellation, Virgo, than are spent with the Sun between the Earth and the smallest constellation, Scorpio (7 days). If you look at the map of the zodiacal constellation in Figure 4, you can see that Scorpio is not so much smaller than Virgo, it is that the ecliptic passes through just a small corner of Scorpio.
In the far distant past we have had fewer and greater numbers of constellations in our zodiac. 2100 years ago, there were 12 constellations in our zodiac. At present our ecliptic passes through 13 constellations, the usual 12 and Ophiuchus. Within a few hundred years the ecliptic will no longer pass through Scorpio but will also include Orion.
Most astrologers use a different system to determine the size of our zodiacal constellations. The ecliptic (360º) is simply divided up into twelve equal segments (of 30º).
To recap, most astrologers make their calculations of the positions of the stars in our zodiac based on the sky as it was over 2100 years ago. Also, most astrologers assign approximately 30 days (30º of the ecliptic) to each of twelve signs. Astronomers make calculations based on the sky as it is by observation at the present time. Astronomers take into consideration both the physical size and position of the constellation in the sky and the current position of the constellations in our year, our calendar.
 The Five Days of the Full Moon
The moon is regarded in Esoteric Astrology as a decaying lifeless form which is the remnant of a previous incarnation of the Logos of our planet. That fact stands behind the idea that the moon represents the past and materiality. As you know, the moon orbits the Earth approximately every 28 days. The plane of the orbit of the moon is essentially the same as the Earth's ecliptic plane. Its orbit will therefore bring the Moon close to a position exactly between the Sun and the Earth. Viewed from the Earth, the Moon looks dark at that time and we call it a new moon. Astrologically, the new moon could be thought of as a time when the Sun is energizing and thereby emphasizing the material aspect of Creation.
Fourteen days later the Moon orbits to the nearly exact opposite position of the Sun, i.e., where the Earth is between the Sun and Moon. From the Earth at that time we see the complete irradiation of the Moon and we call it a full moon. Astrologically the full moon could be thought of as a time when the material aspect of Creation is out of the way, leaving us open to the unimpeded inflow of spiritual (solar) energies.
"Symbolically speaking, the period of intensest meditation of our planetary Logos comes around at the full moon period each month; just as you have your daily meditation so He in His high place, has His cyclic point of contact. This produces the pouring in of radiance and the entering in of energy both subjective and objective. For all true students, therefore, their work on the mental plane is facilitated; they are enabled then to meditate more successfully and to attain realisation with greater ease." Esoteric Healing, p. 341
"The two days preceding the full moon are called the "days of renunciation and detachment,... days of a most intensive effort in service, leading to the renunciation of all which could hinder our usefulness as channels of spiritual force. ... on the day of the Festival [Full Moon] itself we simply regard ourselves as the ...custodians of, as much of that inflowing spiritual force as we can possibly hold.... On the two succeeding days, (the days of distribution) the focus of our attention will be steadily turned away from ourselves but also from the inner subjective planes to the outer world, and our efforts will be to pass on, or to pass through, that measure of spiritual energy that may have been contacted." Esoteric Psychology II, p.686-687

The Signs and the Constellations
"It has been remarked by a profound astrological expert Who works with the Masters of the Great White Lodge that "when humanity comprehends the distinction between the signs and the constellations, understands the nature of the polarity of energies and responds to the three cosmic Realities, the twelve cosmic Energies and the seven planetary Impacts and the interplay of the twelve Creative Hierarchies, then and not till then, will a radiant light be seen and the destiny of our solar Logos be finally determined." Behind this statement are to be found three meanings: one for average intelligent man, another for disciples, and a third one for initiates above the third degree." Esoteric Astrology, pp. 270-271
"These are points which astrologers would do well to consider. I would remind students again that when speaking of signs I am referring to the influences of the constellations as they are represented by the signs, calling to your attention that in the great evolutionary process and owing to certain shifts and astronomical-astrological discrepancies, the Sun is not in the constellation to which a particular sign refers at any given moment." Esoteric Astrology, p. 410
"In the understanding of the significance of the distinction between constellations as galaxies of stars, and signs as concentrated influences will come fresh light upon the science of astrology. This is fundamentally connected with the difference between the relation of a ray energy to the triangle of constellations and the human relation. More I may not say but this will give a hint to the intuitive astrologer." Esoteric Astrology, pp. 621-622
"...These are astronomical facts. The interpretation of the symbolism attached from ancient days to these constellations is as old as religion itself. Whence came the signs, and how the meanings and symbols associated with them came into being, is lost in the night of time. They have existed in men's minds and thoughts and writings for thousands of years, and are our joint heritage today." From Bethlehem to Calvary, pp. 63-64
"A hint is here conveyed to you anent the world period into which we are now entering and it will be increasingly apparent to you (if you reflect upon my words) why we are progressing into a sign wherein the ranks of initiates will be greatly augmented. In the stage of initiation, the energies of the signs and their constellations (shall I say attendant constellations&emdash;it expresses the situation more accurately than the usual mode of saying it) come through in a purer form and in a more direct line than upon the Path of Discipleship and the earlier stages of evolutionary development. The initiate is responsive to planetary, systemic and certain cosmic influences and becomes&emdash;if I might so express it&emdash;a lens through which "the many lights which are energy itself" can stream and thus be focussed upon our planet. To these energies, the initiate tunes his consciousness and thus becomes a planetary server." Esoteric Astrology, pp. 268-269
Space Is An Entity
"It is wise to remember that 'space is an entity'&emdash;as H.P.B. expressed it. When he so defined space, he gave humanity one of the most important hints it has ever received. The realisation of the existence of this entity leads to a practical recognition of the aphorism that "in Him we live and move and have our being." It explains the necessity for the esoteric teaching anent planetary centres and the planes as states of consciousness. The disciple then begins to study himself in relation to this "all-enveloping Entity," to ascertain the "direction" from which the various energies (which empower his life and motivate his actions) come, and to familiarise himself gradually in "the location of these power stations and of those radiant centres of light which&emdash;founded by the divine Creator&emdash;are the sources of life and the origin of light and knowledge." ... The disciple moves always in a world of energies; they make an impact upon him from many and varying directions. He has to learn which energies should be rejected and those to which he should be receptive; all these energies are moving in space and are in reality the life-aspect of the space-entity; all are determined by the time factor with which the disciple must familiarise himself. On the other hand, the process is reversed at times. The disciple learns to use energies&emdash;located and found by him in space&emdash;within a set time and then to direct them accurately (via the ajna centre) into the work and into the group which is under hierarchical influence, through his own immediate efforts. Ponder on this, for in these words lies hid much illumination." Discipleship in the New Age II, p. 396-397
"It might be profitable to point out that the entire universe is etheric and vital in nature and of an extension beyond the grasp of the greatest mind of the age, mounting into more than astronomical figures&emdash;if that statement even conveys sense to your minds. This extent cannot be computed, even in terms of light years; this cosmic etheric area is the field of untold energies and the basis of all astrological computations; it is the playground of all historical cycles&emdash;cosmic, systemic and planetary&emdash;and is related to the constellations, to the worlds of suns, to the most distant stars and to the numerous recognised universes, as well as to our own solar system, to the many planets, and to that planet upon which and in which we move and live and have our being, as well as to the smallest form of life known to science and perhaps covered by the meaningless term "an atom." All are found existing in Space&emdash;Space is etheric in nature and&emdash;so we are told in the occult science&emdash;Space is an Entity. The glory of man lies in the fact that he is aware of space and can imagine this space as the field of divine living activity, full of active intelligent forms, each placed in the etheric body of this unknown Entity, each related to each other through the potency which not only holds them in being but which preserves their position in relation to each other; yet each of these differentiated forms possesses its own differentiated life, its own unique quality or integral colouring, and its own specific and peculiar form of consciousness.
...We speak at times of an expanding universe; what we really mean is an expanding consciousness, for this etheric body of the Entity, Space, is the recipient of many types of informing and penetrating energies, and it is also the field for the intelligent activity of the indwelling Lives of the Universe, of the many constellations, of the distant stars, of our solar system, of the planets within the system, and of all that constitutes the sum total of these separated living forms. The factor which relates them is consciousness and nothing else, and the field of conscious awareness is created through the interplay of all living intelligent forms within the area of the etheric body of that great Life which we call SPACE.
...Each form (because it constitutes an aggregated area of substantial lives or atoms) is a centre within the etheric body of the form of which it is a constituent part. It has, as the basis of its existence, a living dynamic point which integrates the form and preserves it in essential being. This form or centre&emdash;large or small, a man or an atom of substance&emdash;is related to all other forms and expressing energies in the environing space, and is automatically receptive to some, and repudiates others through the process of non-recognition; it relays or transmits other energies, radiating from other forms, and it thus becomes in its turn an impressing agent.
...Again, each point of life within a centre has its own sphere of radiation or its own extending field of influence; this field is necessarily dependent upon the type and the nature of the indwelling Consciousness. It is this magnetic interplay between the many vast centres of energy in space which is the basis of all astronomical relationships&emdash;between universes, solar systems and planets. Bear in mind, however, that it is the CONSCIOUSNESS aspect which renders the form magnetic, receptive, repudiating and transmitting; this consciousness differs according to the nature of the entity which informs or works through a centre, great or small. Bear in mind also that the life which pours through all centres and which animates the whole of space is the life of an Entity; it is, therefore, the same life in all forms, limited in time and space by the intention, the wish, the form and the quality of the indwelling consciousness: the types of consciousness are many and diverse, yet life remains ever the same and indivisible, for it is the ONE LIFE.
The sphere of radiation is conditioned always by the point of evolution of the life within the form; the correlating, integrating factor, relating centre to centre, is life itself; life establishes contact; livingness is the basis of every relation, even if this is not immediately apparent to you; consciousness qualifies the contact and colours the radiation. Thus again we are returned to the same fundamental triplicity to which I gave the names of Life, Quality, Appearance in an earlier book.* A form is therefore a centre of life within some aspect of the etheric body of the Entity, Space, where a living animated existence, such as that of a planet, is concerned. The same is true also of all lesser forms, such as those found upon and within a plane." Telepathy and the Etheric Vehicle, pp. 178-180
The Great Illusion
"I have frequently referred to the fact that the entire science of astrology is based upon a non-existent condition. It has no basis in material fact and yet is eternally based on truth. The zodiac is, as you well know, the imaginary path of the Sun in the heavens. It is therefore largely an illusion, from the exoteric point of view. But at the same time the constellations exist, and the streams of energy which pass and repass, intermingle and interlock throughout the body of space are by no means illusions but definitely express eternal relationships. It is the misuse of the various energies which has created the illusion. This illusory path is consequently as much a reality to humanity today as are the personality illusions of any individual. These illusions are due to the polarisation of the individual upon the astral plane.
It is interesting also to note in this connection that&emdash;due to the precession of the equinoxes&emdash;a fourth type of force is brought to bear upon the planet and man, but one which is seldom recognised and given due place in the horoscope. The month and the sign, or the place of the Sun in the heavens, do not really coincide. When we state, for instance, that the Sun is "in Aries" it conveys an esoteric truth but not an exoteric fact. The Sun was in Aries at the beginning of this great cycle, but it is not in exactly the same position today when it is 'found' in that sign." Esoteric Astrology, p. 63
"...starting with the basic fact of the Great Illusion it should be remembered that the accuracy of astrological prediction and interpretation will be based upon three factors:
1. The potency of the thoughtforms which have been built up in connection with the twelve signs. These thoughtforms were originally constructed or anchored upon the mental plane by the Hierarchy in Atlantean days and they have steadily gained in power ever since. They serve as focal points for certain forces and enable the individual, for instance, to be in touch with great reservoirs of energy which then definitely condition him.
2. The intuition of the astrologer. The casting of the horoscope serves to put the astrologer en rapport with the individual, but this is of small service to either party unless the intuition and sensitivity of the astrologer is actively present.
3. The capacity of the astrologer in any specific period to respond to the changes which are all the time taking place, such as the gradual shifting and changing brought about by the precession of the equinoxes, or the slow shift of the pole of the planet. To this should be added that&emdash;as man evolves&emdash;the mechanism of response or the vehicles of consciousness likewise steadily improve. His reactions, therefore, to the planetary influence and to the energy of the various constellations change with equal steadiness and allowance must be made for this." Esoteric Astrology, pp. 68-69
I would have you bear in mind that time and energy are interchangeable terms upon the inner planes. Time is an event, and an event is a focussed expression of force of some type or kind. Exteralization of the HIerarchy, p. 347
The Individual Horoscope
"Certain factors which astrologers should bear in mind, and certain conditions they are only too apt to forget, may however be briefly noted. For the sake of clear understanding we will simply tabulate a number of statements which should be studied with care by the average investigator in this field. I cannot here write a treatise on the energies with which astrology should deal, sorely as such a treatise is needed.
Astrologers concern themselves primarily with three types of energy:
a. The energy of the constellation in which the Sun is posited at the time of birth.
b. The rising sign to which the man should respond.
c. The moon which governs his form aspect, and particularly the physical form.
The energy of the particular constellation or sign in which a man is born is more deeply significant than has ever yet been suggested. It embodies or indicates his present problem, sets the pace or tempo of his life, and is related to the quality of his personality. It governs, if I may so express it, the rajasic or activity aspect of his life during incarnation.
The ascendant or rising sign indicates the line along which his energy as a whole can flow if he is to fulfill the purpose of any incarnation. This, of course, if rightly handled. It holds the secret of his future, and in its symbolism and understanding he can find the clue to his life problem and an indication of what he can be and achieve. It presents to him the type of force which will enable him to succeed. This, when duly consummated, might be regarded as producing the sattvic, or harmony aspect of his life, for when it plays its part and is utilised, it produces harmony with the will of the soul during any particular incarnation.
In the moon influence, we have indicated the native's past. It summarises the limitations and handicaps under which he must work, and therefore might be regarded as embodying the tamasic aspect of matter, or that which "holds back" and which&emdash;if permitted to influence unduly&emdash;will produce inertia. In the body with which man is equipped lies hid the secret of past experience, and every lunar form through which we have to arrive at due expression is in itself the product or synthesis of all the past. Let me see if I can put the present truth about astrology in such simple guise that they who know naught of this intricate science may understand.
The birth month indicates the day of opportunity. The door stands open. The particular month in which a soul comes into incarnation is indicated to that soul by the month in which it passed out of incarnation in a previous life cycle. If it, for instance, died in the month governed by the sign Leo, it will return into incarnation in the same sign, picking up the thread of experience where it left it, and starting with the same type of energy and the peculiar equipment with which it passed away from earth life, plus the gain of thought and conscious onlooking. The quality of the energy and the nature of the forces to be manipulated during life are indicated to the soul in this way.
The rising sign, embodying another type of energy, should wax in strength during the incarnation, for it indicates the nature of the soul force that the incarnated son of God is seeking to wield through the medium of a particular personality, possessing certain characteristics.
The influence of the moon is primarily physical. The prison of the soul is thus indicated. The handicaps to be met are thus secured; the type of body or of bodies through which the force of the native's sign and the quality of the energy which will bring him to his goal are thus defined. Through the medium of the lunar lords and what they have given him as the result of past experience down the ages must he express himself upon the physical plane.
Owing to the precession of the equinoxes, a situation is brought about in which a fourth type of force makes itself felt. The sun is, in reality, many degrees away in the great round of the heavens from where it is stated to be, as far as the greater zodiac is concerned. This is, of course, from the standpoint of time. As the sweep of the sun through a constellation covers a period of approximately two thousand two hundred years, the shift in the course of the centuries is very slight..." A Treatise on White Magic, pp 434-438
"In casting the horoscope of a human being who is born in a particular month, however, it should be borne in mind (which it seldom is) that now the month and the sign do not coincide at all. The sun is really not in Leo, for instance, during the month of August. The correct interpretation therefore of a chart is largely psychometrical and dependent upon the thought-form of the constellation which has been built up for ages by the astrologers. Energy follows thought. For thousands of years certain types of energy and their consequent qualifying effects on substance and form have been considered to be thus and so. Therefore, thus they are, except in the case of the highly evolved, of the true aspirant who has oriented himself, and is thus escaping from the wheel of existence and beginning to govern his stars, and so is no longer under their rule and domination.
Astrology now deals primarily with the personality for whom the horoscope may be cast and with the events of the personality life. When, through meditation and service, plus the discipline of the lunar bodies, a man comes consciously and definitely under his soul ray, then he comes as definitely under the influence of one or other of the seven solar systems, as they focus their energy through one or other of the constellations and subsequently one or other of the seven sacred planets. ... Our solar system, as you know, is one of seven. When a man has arrived at this point in evolution, birth months, mundane astrology, and the influences which play upon the form aspect become of less and less importance. This circle of solar systems affects paramountly the soul and it becomes the focal point of spiritual energies. This is the problem of the soul on its own plane,&emdash;responsiveness to these types of energy, and, of them, the personality is totally unaware.
The signs which fall therefore into the four categories of earth, water, fire and air, concern primarily the man who lives below the diaphragm, and who utilises the lower four centres:&emdash;the centre at the base of the spine, the sacral centre, the solar plexus and the spleen. The inner group of seven major or systemic energies produce their effect upon the man who is living above the diaphragm, and work through the seven representative centres in the head. Four of them focus through the throat centre, the heart centre, the ajna and head centres. Three are held latent in the region of the head centres (the thousand petalled lotus) and only enter into functioning activity after the third initiation. It will be evident therefore how complicated from the standpoint of the horoscope (as well as of the individual problem) is this meeting of the energies of two types of constellations in the case of the man who is neither purely human nor purely spiritual. The ordinary horoscope is negated. The horoscope is not possible as yet of delineation. The only horoscope, which is basically and almost infallibly correct is that of the entirely low grade human being who lives entirely below the diaphragm and is governed by his animal nature alone." A Treatise on White Magic, pp 436-438
The Vehicles of Response
"This [Virgo] is the sixth sign and of it the six-pointed star is the ancient symbol, portraying as it does the process of involution and also that of evolution, carried to the point of balance, expressed for us in the relationship of Virgo to Libra. You will note, if you consult the dictionary, that astronomically Virgo is regarded as occupying the place in the heavens where Libra is to be found. This is all part of the great illusion which astrology finds hard to grasp. There is a constant moving and shifting in space; the precession of the equinoxes is both a fact and an illusion. The whole process and its interpretation is dependent upon the intellectual point in evolution of the race; the responsiveness of man to the planetary forces and to the influence of the zodiacal signs is dependent upon man's vehicles of response and upon the mechanism of reception with which he enters into incarnation. The heavens, the constellations, signs and planets mean one thing to the Hierarchy and another thing to the astronomers and still another thing to the astrologers, whilst they are simply bewildering galaxies of light to the average citizen. I feel the need to remind you of this and to point out to you that astronomical facts are only relative as regards the true and factual nature of that about which scientific pronouncement is made; they are declarative of life and potency but not as science and the average man understand them. From the standpoint of esoteric truth, they are simply embodied Lives and the expression of the life, the quality, the purpose and the intent of the Beings Who have brought them into manifestation. Esoteric Astrology, pp. 256-257
"...the main function of the planets is to be distributing agents for the energies emanating from the zodiac as they converge within our solar system and become attracted to our planet. Students need to understand more thoroughly than they do that the basis of the astrological sciences is the emanation, transmission and reception of energies and their transmutation into forces by the receiving entity. The energies of the various signs are attracted by the different planets according to their stage of development and by what is esoterically called 'ancient relationship' between the informing entities of the planets and of the constellations. This relation exists between beings and is founded on a Law of Affinity. It is this law of affinity which produces the magnetic pull and the dynamic response between constellations and planets within the solar system and between some particular planet and the forms of life upon another planet and the "impending energies," as they are called, which are being received from some major source. The capacity to receive and profit by the planetary energies (themselves received as emanated from some constellation) is dependent upon the point in evolution which determines the receptivity and the responsiveness of the mechanism of reception. This constitutes an unalterable law and accounts for the power of certain planets which may have hitherto remained undiscovered and which have therefore had little to do with evolution up to the present, owing to the unresponsiveness of the forms of reception. The planets, the energies and forces have existed all the time but have remained ineffective and consequently undiscovered owing to the non-existence of the needed instruments of response. They will, therefore, have no effect upon the life and history of an individual and only become potent and 'magnetically informing' when a man has reached a certain point of development and is becoming sensitive to higher influences and is in preparation for the treading of the path. This readiness indicates that his response apparatus (the threefold personality) is more sensitive than is the case with the average person, and can respond to a higher range of vibrations than would otherwise be possible. Herein also lies the distinction between the sacred and the non-sacred planets. The Lords of the planets (the ray Lives or planetary Logoi) are also, on Their own level, unequally developed and some of them are further advanced upon the cosmic path of spiritual unfoldment than are others; Those Who are definitely upon the Cosmic Path of Discipleship are regarded as informing sacred planets, whilst Those Who are upon the Cosmic Probationary Path are expressing Themselves through non-sacred planets. ...it is all a question of developed reception and sensitivity." Esoteric Astrology, pp. 266-268
Astrology and the Centers
"It might be added in addition that the signs of the zodiac are concerned primarily with the life expression of the Heavenly Man (as far as our planet is concerned) and therefore with the destiny and life of the planetary Logos. They are also concerned with the great man of the heavens, the solar Logos. I refer in this last instance to their effect as it makes itself felt in the solar system as a whole and with this effect there are few astrologers at this time fit to deal. I would remind you that to the lives who inform these great constellations and whose radiation &emdash;dynamic and magnetic&emdash;reaches our Earth, this effect is incidental and unnoticed. The primary effect that they have is upon our planetary Logos and this effect reaches us through Him, pouring through that great planetary centre to which we have given the name of Shamballa. It is, therefore, capable of evoking the major response from the monads, and these monads express themselves through the kingdom of souls and through the human kingdom; it consequently expresses itself through the Hierarchy and through humanity as a whole. This is a point of real importance and should be noted and connected with all the teaching you have had upon this most interesting theme of the three major planetary centres. It is the work of the zodiacal influences to evoke the emergence of the will aspect of the Heavenly Man and of all monads, souls and personalities who constitute the planetary body of expression. This statement means but little to you today but it will mean much to those students who, in a few decades, will study what I am here saying. Properly understood, it accounts for much that is happening in the world at this time." Esoteric Astrology pp. 21-22
"Students need to understand more thoroughly than they do that the basis of the astrological sciences is the emanation, transmission and reception of energies and their transmutation into forces by the receiving entity." Esoteric Astrology, p. 266
"Shamballa receives energy from various solar and extra-solar Entities or centres of emphatic and energetic life; i.e., from Venus, from the Central Spiritual Sun, from the current conditioning constellation through which our sun may be passing, from the Great Bear and other cosmic centres. Sirius, so important a factor in the spiritual life of the planet, brings its energies to bear direct upon the Hierarchy, and energy from Sirius does not normally enter our planetary life via Shamballa." Discipleship in the New Age II, p. 520
"... the planetary atom also revolves orbitally around its solar centre. This is its expression of rotary-spiral-cyclic action, and its recognition of the divine central magnet. ... It... brings it under the inflowing streams of energy from what are termed the zodiacal constellations which reach the planetary scheme via the great centre, the Sun. ...all can be regarded as the swirling tide of intermingling currents, with numerous focal points of energy demonstrating here and there, yet in no way static as to location." A Treatise on Cosmic Fire, pp. 1056
The Basis of Esoteric Astrology
"...the subject of esoteric astrology ... It is intended to launch the new astrology which is founded on the soul and not on the personality. Orthodox astrology sets up a chart which gives the fate and destiny of the personality, and when that personality is little evolved or is only of an average development, it can be and often is amazingly correct. It is not so correct, however, in the case of highly developed people, aspirants, disciples and initiates who are beginning to control their stars and consequently their actions; the events and the happenings in their lives then become unpredictable. The new and future astrology endeavours to give the key to the horoscope of the soul, as it is conditioned by the soul ray and not by the personality ray; enough has been given by me to enable astrologers, who are interested and of the new inclination, to work out the future from the angle of this new approach. Astrology is a fundamental and most necessary science." Discipleship in the New Age, pp. 779-780
At this stage in the unfoldment of the human consciousness, there is little that I can say further anent the Science of Triangles. I have hinted at the entire structure of living, moving, focussing and transmitting light triangles which should underlie (and eventually will underlie) the manifested universe. I have pointed out certain relations between the various constellations, the esoteric planets and our Earth. I have shifted the approach of the astrological student away from the world of tangible happenings, precipitated events, and personal characteristics (which are distinctive of exoteric modern astrology) into the world of conditioning energies, controlling incentives, impulses and causes, and have thus laid down the basis of an inner esoteric astrology which must govern this ancient science in the future. I have emphasised in your consciousness, the web of light and energy which is the recipient of zodiacal and other extra-systemic forces and I have pointed to the first dim outline of the astrology of the soul and of the unfolding consciousness of man. I have presented to you some esoteric facts which must for a while at least remain hypotheses and theories to the average astrologer and probably unwelcome ones at that; I have made statements which are of necessity revolutionary in nature and, therefore, disturbing, if not apparently untrue or based on premises which deny all that the modern astrologer has worked out and hitherto held dear. In this connection two of these ideas are basic where the astrology of the soul is concerned:
1. The reversal of the life of the disciple upon the Wheel of Life, by means of which his progress becomes anti-clockwise.
2. The influence of the rising sign which is held by the esoteric astrologer to indicate soul possibility and direction, versus the personality opportunity, offered by the nature of the vehicle of response." Esoteric Astrology, pp. 496-497
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Saturday, 14 January 2017

In the land of tigers by sreekesh puthuvassery



SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT TIGERS

The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, most recognisable for their pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with a lighter underside. The species is classified in the genus Panthera with the lion, leopard, jaguar and snow leopard. Tigers live alone and aggressively scent-mark large territories to keep their rivals away. They are powerful hunters that travel many miles to find prey.A hungry tiger can eat as much as 60 pounds (27 kilograms) in one night, though they usually eat less.
Males have a prominent ruff or collar, which is especially pronounced in the Sumatran tiger.Tigers are territorial and generally solitary but social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey requirements.
BENGAL TIGER
(Panthera tigris tigris)
 
TYPE: Mammals
DIET: Carnivores
AVERAGE LIFE SPAN IN THE WILD: 8 to 10 years
SIZE: Head and body, 5 to 6 ft; tail, 2 to 3 ft
WEIGHT: 240 to 500 lbs
SIZE RELATIVE TO A 6-FT MAN:

The Bengal tiger is also known as the Indian tiger, as it found in scattered (now rather isolated) pockets throughout India. There are also Bengal tigers found in Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal, Bhutan, and along the eastern coast of China. The climate here is temperate to tropical and very wet, with the tigers thriving in mangrove forests, grasslands, and deciduous forests.
An average male Bengal tiger weighs around 500 pounds (220 kilograms) stands 36 inches high at the shoulder, measure ten feet from the tip of their nose to end of their tail and has a head that is 16 inches long and 10 inches wide and pug marks that are seven inches across. Females are generally about a foot shorter and 100 pound lighter than males. The largest one on record, according to the Guinness Book of Records, was shot in Utter Pradesh on November 1967. It was 10 feet 7 inches long and weighed 857 pounds
The Bengal will hunt water buffalo, hunting ground, covering up to 50 square kilometers (20 sq mi) in a single night’s hunt. The Siberian can cover twice that.
Despite their fearsome reputation, most tigers avoid humans; however, a few do become dangerous maneaters. These animals are often sick and unable to hunt normally, or live in an area where their traditional prey has vanished.
Females give birth to litters of two to six cubs, which they raise with little or no help from the male. Cubs cannot hunt until they are 18 months old and remain with their mothers for two to three years, when they disperse to find their own territory.A tiger's roar can be heard as far as two miles away
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INDOCHINESE TIGER
 
The Indochinese tiger is found in Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Laos. They are smaller than Bengal tigers and have different stripping patterns. They measure 2.84 meters from the end of their nose to the tip of their tail and weigh an average of 195 kilograms. There are between 250 and 600 of them. Indochinese tigers are regarded as more elusive than their Indian cousins. The tigers in Thailand are considered the most secretive of all.
 

SIBERIAN TIGER
(Panthera tigris altaica)

Status: Endangered
Type: Mammal
Diet: Carnivore
Size: 10.75 ft (3.3 m)
Weight: 660 lbs (300 kg)
Size relative to a 6-ft (2-m) man:
 
Siberian Tiger, which is also known as Amur, Manchurian, Altaic, Korean, or North China tiger. It is the largest tiger subspecies and can be found only in the protected region of Amur-Ussuri, Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai in eastern Siberia.it can weigh up to 800 pounds.
Siberian tiger average 3.14 meters (10 feet, 4 inches) in length (from nose to tip of tail), stand 1 to 1.1 meters (39 to 42 inches) at the shoulder and weigh 265 to 305 kilograms (585 to 676 pounds). A large male can measure four meters (13 feet) from tail to nose and weighs 362 kilograms (800 pounds).
The Siberian tiger’s natural habitat is the much, much colder areas to the north. The handful that still exist in the wild can mostly be found in the chilly forests of Eastern Russia, with some in the northernmost parts of China and Korea. In stark contrast to the more temperate habitats of its cousins, the Siberian tiger thrives in coniferous and birch forests where the temperatures can reach as low as -45° Celsius (-50 F).
The differences in habitat mean that the Siberian tiger has developed a much thicker, heavier coat than the Bengal. They also tend to have thick fat stores along their sides and belly that help to keep them insulated against the below-freezing temperatures.
There are also differences in color that developed from their different habitats. The Siberian tiger is the lightest of all tiger subspecies, with their coats tending to be a much paler orange than their southern cousins. The stripes of a Siberian tiger are brown instead of black, but all tigers share the trait of having completely unique stripe patterns, much like our fingerprints.
Habitat differences also lead to a different diet, though both tiger subspecies are easily capable of single-handedly taking down prey that is much, much bigger than they are. The Siberian tiger tends to hunt creatures like elk and deer, but has been known to kill and eat bears as well as smaller game.
Siberian tigers can range over 400 square miles. Male Siberian tigers generally range across an area of 150 to 225 square miles. Females range cover a slightly smaller area. Siberian tigers like to attack their prey from behind.Siberian tigers have long memories. Offspring of a mother killed by poachers were still agitated as adults whenever they came in close contact with human males. Males sometimes live only six or seven year as they die in competition for mates and territory.
Tigers grimace when they sniff scents found in their territory. Known as flehmen behavior, the facial movement helps expose the scent to the sensory-cell-covered vomeronasal organ behind the palate. This behavior is usually seen in areas where other cats have sprayed their scent. Siberian tigers sharpen their claws by standing on their hind legs and raking them downwards in the bark of a tree.

WHITE TIGER
 
The white tiger is a pigmentation variant of the Bengal tiger, which is reported in the wild from time to time in the Indian states of Assam, West Bengal and Bihar in the Sunderbans region and especially in the former State of Rewa.[1] Such a tiger has the black stripes typical of the Bengal tiger, but carries a white or near-white coat.
The white Bengal tigers are distinctive due to the color of their fur. The white fur caused by a lack of the pigment pheomelanin, which is found in Bengal tigers with orange color fur. When compared to Bengal tigers, the white Bengal tigers tend to grow faster and heavier than the orange Bengal tiger. They also tend to be somewhat bigger at birth, and as fully grown adults. White Bengal tigers are fully grown when they are 2–3 years of age. White male tigers reach weights of 200 to 230 kilograms and can grow up to 3 meters in length. As with all tigers, the white Bengal tiger’s stripes are like fingerprints, with no two tigers having the same pattern. The stripes of the tiger are a pigmentation of the skin; if an individual were to be shaved, its distinctive coat pattern would still be visible. For a white Bengal tiger to be born, both parents must carry the unusual gene for white colouring, which only happens naturally about once in 10,000 births.

SIBERIAN WHITE TIGER

The existence of white Siberian tigers has not been scientifically documented, despite occasional unsubstantiated reports of sightings of white tigers in the regions where wild Siberian tigers live. It may be that the white mutation does not exist in the wild Siberian tiger population: no white Siberian tigers have been born in captivity, despite the fact that the subspecies has been extensively bred during the last few decades (with much outbreeding between the different Siberian lineages for purposes of conservation genetics); a recessive allele should occasionally turn up in a homozygous state during such breeding, and in this particular case yield white tigers from normally-colored parents, but no such animals have been reported.
The famous white Siberian tigers found in captivity are actually not pure Siberian tigers. They are instead the result of Siberian tigers breeding with Bengal tigers. The gene for white coating is quite common among Bengal tigers, but the natural birth of a white Bengal tiger is still a very rare occasion in the wild, where white tigers are not bred selectively.
The white tiger is not considered a tiger subspecies, but rather a hybrid mutant variant of the existing tiger subspecies. If a pure white Siberian tiger were to be born, it would therefore not be selectively bred within the tiger conservation programs. It would, however, probably still be selectively bred outside the program in an effort to create more white Siberian tigers.

STRIPELESS WHITE TIGER
 
An additional genetic condition can remove most of the striping of a white tiger, making the animal almost pure white. One such specimen was exhibited at Exeter Change in England in 1820, and described by Georges Cuvier as "A white variety of Tiger is sometimes seen, with the stripes very opaque, and not to be observed except in certain angles of light."[3] Naturalist Richard Lydekker said that, "a white tiger, in which the fur was of a creamy tint, with the usual stripes faintly visible in certain parts, was exhibited at the old menagerie at Exeter Change about the year 1820.
The modern strain of snow white tigers came from repeated brother–sister matings of Bhim and Sumita at Cincinnati Zoo. The gene involved may have come from a Siberian tiger, via their part-Siberian ancestor Tony. Continued inbreeding appears to have caused a recessive gene for stripelessness to show up. About one fourth of Bhim and Sumita's offspring were stripeless. Their striped white offspring, which have been sold to zoos around the world, may also carry the stripeless gene. Because Tony's genome is present in many white tiger pedigrees, the gene may also be present in other captive white tigers. As a result, stripeless white tigers have appeared in zoos as far afield as the Czech Republic (Liberec), Spain and Mexico. Stage magicians Siegfried & Roy were the first to attempt to selectively breed tigers for stripelessness; they owned snow-white Bengal tigers taken from Cincinnati Zoo (Tsumura, Mantra, Mirage and Akbar-Kabul) and Guadalajara, Mexico (Vishnu and Jahan), as well as a stripeless Siberian tiger called Apollo.
Genetics
A white tiger's pale coloration is due to the lack of the red and yellow pigments that normally produce the orange color.[6] This had long been thought to be due to a mutation in the gene for the tyrosinase enzyme. A knockout mutation in this gene results in albinism, the inability to make either pheomelanin or eumelanin, while the consequence of a less severe mutation in the same gene is the cause of a selective loss of pheomelanin, the so-called Chinchilla trait. The white phenotype in tigers had been attributed to this Chinchilla mutation in tyrosinase, and some publications prior to the 1980s refer to it as an albino gene for this reason.[citation needed] However, genomic analysis has demonstrated instead that a mutation in the SLC45A2 gene is responsible. The resultant single amino acid substitution in this transport protein, by a mechanism yet to be determined, causes the elimination of pheomelanin expression seen in the white tiger. This is a recessive trait, meaning that it is only seen in individuals that are homozygous for this mutation.[6] Inbreeding promotes recessive traits and has been used as a strategy to produce white tigers in captivity.
The stripe color varies due to the influence and interaction of other genes. Another genetic characteristic makes the stripes of the tiger very pale; white tigers of this type are called snow-white or "pure white". White tigers, Siamese cats, and Himalayan rabbits have enzymes in their fur which react to temperature, causing them to grow darker in the cold. A white tiger named Mohini was whiter than her relatives in the Bristol Zoo, who showed more cream tones. This may have been because she spent less time outdoors in the winter.[7] White tigers produce a mutated form of tyrosinase, an enzyme used in the production of melanin, which only functions at certain temperatures, below 37 °C (99 °F). This is why Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits are darker on their faces, ears, legs, and tails (the color points), where the cold penetrates more easily. This is called acromelanism, and other cats breeds derived from the Siamese, such as the Himalayan and the snowshoe cat, also exhibit the condition.[8] Kailash Sankhala observed that white tigers were always whiter in Rewa State, even when they were born in New Delhi and returned there. "In spite of living in a dusty courtyard, they were always snow white."[9] A weakened immune system is directly linked to reduced pigmentation in white tigers.
 
EXTINCT TIGERS FAMILY IN THE WORLD


BALI TIGER
 
 
This tiger, the scientific name of which is Panthera tigris balica, lived only on Bali island in Indonesia.
It was the smallest of all of the tiger subspecies. In fact, females could weigh as little as 65 kilograms or 140 pounds (although they usually averaged about 75 kilograms), and the larger males reached between 90 and 100 kilograms (or 200 to 220 pounds).
The Bali Tiger (Panthera tigris balica). The copyright licence for this image is unknown. It might be in the public domain in Indonesia if it was first published there more than 50 years ago, according to Article 30 of Indonesia Copyright Law No 19, 2002.
The Bali Tiger reached extinction due to hunting. Of course, because they were limited to Bali, there was not an enormous population to begin with. As people populated the island, they hunted the tiger in order to sell their pelts and organs, as well as to protect themselves from these hunters.
Bali Tigers had darker, shorter fur than the other subspecies. Generally, they had fewer black stripes too, giving them a more solid gold appearance. Notably, they also had bar-shaped patterning on their heads, which became a characteristic. The Bali Tiger had a lifespan of between eight and 10 years in the wild.
This subspecies was (and still is) an important part of the Balinese Hindu culture.
CASPIAN TIGER
 
 
The Panthera tigris virgata . also known as the Caspian Tiger, Hyrcanian Tiger, Persian Tiger or Turan Tiger . once inhabited the area around the Caspian Sea, through Turkey, Iran and Central Asia to the Chinese desert of Xinjiang. These were once some of the biggest of the tiger subspecies, together with the Bengal Tiger. Males usually exceeded two metres in length.
Caspian tigers were 2.95 meters in length and weighed an average of 240 kilograms. Some of these made their way to ancient Rome. The Bali tiger measured 2.81 meters in length and weighed an average of 100 kilograms. The Javan tiger measured 2.49 meters and weighed an average of 140 kilograms.
In terms of its appearance, the Caspian Tiger had a brighter golden coat, with brown-gold stripes. In winter, the coat would become less bright, with less distinct patterning. The stripes were narrower and closer together than the other tiger subspecies.
When the Russians started to colonise Turkey during the late-1800’s, they began to hunt the Caspian Tiger with a vengeance. In addition, they hunted the natural prey of these predators, causing many to die from starvation. It is believed that the last Caspian Tiger was killed in the 1990’s. However, due to a lack of interest, this was never explored or confirmed.

JAVAN TIGER
 
 
The Panthera tigris sondaica died out in the 1970’s. As their name implies, these tigers were found exclusively on the island of Java. Although they began to be protected in 1947, it was too late to save the Java Tiger from succumbing to extinction. They were poisoned by locals wanting to protect themselves and hunted for reward or financial gain. They also died as a result of their prey being killed to the point of extinction.
The Java Tigers were very small, and males would only reach about 115 kilograms (equivalent to about 250 pounds), and females were smaller. Their noses were long and narrow, as were their stripes.
These three subspecies should serve as a warning to modern society about the threats facing our tigers today.

SUMATRAN TIGER
 

They are smaller than other species of tigers with a full grown male only about 300 pounds. However, they can be up to 8 feet in length which gives them a very slender appearance. females: up to seven feet from head to tail, around 200 pounds.Experts believe that they are smaller in size due to the limited natural habitat for them to reside in. They are also smaller in size due to the prey that they consume there being smaller than what other species of tigers have access to.They measure 2.54 meters from the end of their nose to the tip of their tail and weigh an average of 120 kilograms, with females being about 20 kilograms lighter than males.
The stripes on the Sumatran Tiger are closer together than those found on any other species. This is due to the fact that their natural habitat is full of high grass and these close stripes allow them to easily blend in. This species of tiger also has more hair on the face and around the neck area than other species.
Sumatran tigers are thought by some to be the most intelligent tiger subspecies. There is a story about one Sumatran tiger who was captured and placed on a ship that was supposed to deliver him to the Amsterdam Zoo. The tiger escaped from its cage and looked over the side of the ship and saw the coast of Malaysia, which was only four miles away. It then lept in the water and started swimming toward Sumatra which was 80 miles away.
One of their best tactics is to chase their prey into the water. They are extremely fast swimmers so they can easily over take larger prey there that they may not be able to on land. They feature webbing between their toes which is why they are naturals in the water. They also confuse their prey due to the white spots on the back of their ears called “eye spots”. In their soundless search for prey—which has also dwindled dramatically due to habitat loss—they may cover up to 18 miles. Sumatran tigers feast on larger ungulates, including tapir, wild boar and deer, as well as smaller animals, like monkeys, birds, and fish. They may also prey on orangutans, but do so infrequently since the primates spend little time on the ground.In the wild, life expectancy is about 12 years; up to 20 years in zoos. Mating may occur at any time, but is most common between November and April.  Gestation is approximately 110 days.  Litters consist of one to five helpless cubs weighing just over 2 pounds. The cubs stay with their mother for about two years, then begin to establish their own territories. Sexual maturity is reached at 3-4 years for females, and 4- 5 years for males.

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